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Reflective thinking is a constant drive to ask questions and to make appropriate responses to them. It is characterised by a healthy scepticism about all inputs to processes, about the processes themselves and about the outcomes from processes.

Design life varies according to the type and use of a structure. A structure should retain fitness for purpose as it approaches and passes its design life or changes use.

This is an update of an earlier paper because there had been a number of severe fires in timber framed buildings during construction.

In June 2012 part of the roof of a thirty two year old Mall in Ontario, Canada collapsed killing two people and injuring nineteen.

This paper concerns the collapse at the FC Twente Stadium in Holland in 2011 when part of a cantilever steel frame roof failed during erection.

This 2010 paper was updated in 2014 and the newer version should be used for reference.

SCOSS has been concerned for some time (2003) at the potential for deterioration of buildings and other facilities during their working lives such that there results an inadequate reserve of strength against collapse of the whole or part of the structure.

This was published in 2009 and has to be read in that context. The main issues however are universally valid.

This note is a contribution to the IStructE’s debate on the teaching of structural engineering at undergraduate level, for the general information of ICE and HSE, and for wider debate.

The late 1960s and early 1970s was a time of great activity and innovation in the construction industry. Boundaries were being pushed out in all directions - in respect of design, materials and scale of projects which brought about some great achievements, but also a number of serious repercussions.